Continuous Data – Equipment Error

Continuous Data – Equipment Error

In case we have continuous data, we have separate tests to check for Equipment Error/Variation and Operator Error/Variation.

Equipment Error

To check for the Error in the measurement contributed by the Equipment, we conduct “Test Retest”.

                In Test-Retest we check the Equipment for its Accuracy and Precision.

Accuracy

The concept of Accuracy says that the Data Points are close to the Target.

To check Accuracy, we calculate the BIAS of the Equipment (i.e. the difference/distance of the Mean from the Target/True Value).

BIAS = TARGET – AVERAGE

Ideally, the BIAS in the Measurement System (Equipment) should be ZERO/Close to ZERO.

Accuracy

Understanding Accuracy or precision is not easy when everything is theory. Advance Innovation understands this and that’s why the Six Sigma training in Delhi is full of examples. To make the understanding clear of Accuracy we have quoted an example below.

Example: In a Filling Plant of300 ml. Pepsi Bottles, the Quality Engineer wants to check if the machine filling Pepsi in bottles is accurate or not, for that, he takes 20 bottles as Sample and manually measures the volume of Pepsi in each bottle. The data is as below:

Bottle No.	Quantity (ml)
1	310
2	305
3	298
4	299
5	295
6	307
7	308
8	305
9	299
10	298
11	309
12	300
13	308
14	306
15	305
16	297
17	299
18	298
19	305
20	309

Using the data, he calculates the Average volume of Pepsi per bottle that he founds to be 303 ml.

The Target volume per bottle was 300 ml.

Now, BIAS = Target – Average

BIAS = 300 – 303

BIAS = -3 ml

As, we can see, the measurement system/equipment is Biased, due to this biasness, the organization is losing 3 ml. Pepsi per bottle, here, the organization will need to decide whether they can live with it or not.

Precision

The concept of Precision says that the Data Points are close to Each other.

To check Precision, we calculate the Standard Deviation of the measurement result and compare it with the Equipment tolerance (which is already present with the equipment, provided by the manufacturer).

In precision, we check if the Thumb Rule is validated or not.

RULE:     

“If Standard Deviation< (1/10)^th of the equipment tolerance, then the equipment is said to be Precise.”

Example: Lets say, in the above example, the QC also calculates the Std Dev. Of the measurement result, which he founds to be 4.83 ml.

The Tolerance of the Equipment was +/- 2 ml. which makes the Tolerance as 4 ml.

(Tolerance = Upper Limit – Lower Limit)

So, (1/10)th of the Tolerance will be .4 ml.

Hence, the Std. Dev. (4.83 ml.) is more than 1/10^th of the tolerance and thus we can conclude that the Measurement System/Equipment is Not Precise.

Precision

NOTE: An Ideal Data is the data that’s both Accurate as well as Precise, so we try to ensure that the data points are close to the target and the variation between the data points is minimum.

six sigma training in delhi

Brainstorming session is a tool which is used for generating as many ideas or solutions as possible to a problem. Brainstorming session is not about generating the best idea or solution to the problem but the number of solutions to the problem. And before starting brainstorming session few ground rules must be set. These ground rules may be:

1.        No idea is dumb idea.

2.        Don’t criticize other’s idea

3.        Just add-on other’s idea and the last one is

4.        Reverse thought of Quality over quantity.

And before brainstorming session few things we need to take care of:

1.        Who will facilitate the session?

2.        Who will attend the session?

3.        Location

4.        Material Needed

5.        Who will quickly record the ideas? And last one is

6.        Desired outcome

There are couples of methods of Brainstorming session.

1.        Round Robin Method: Head of different teams sit on a round table and discuss about the problem.

2.        LCS – Team members give their like, concerns and suggestions about the proposal.

3.        Delphi – We ask the expert.

4.        Free Wheeling: Freewheeling method is spontaneous flow the ideas.

5.        Card Method – Team member write their likes, concerns and suggestions about the proposal in a card without any discussion.

One of the most popular Brainstorming tool is “Six Thinking Hat”

Many institutions do not provide training on different types of brainstorming but the Six Sigma training in Delhi by Advance Innovation Group covers the topic separately.

Six Thinking Hat: One of the mostly used method is Six Thinking Hat where six head of different team discuss about the problem wearing 6 types of different color hats.

Black Hat: Black hat person talks only negative things about the proposal. But whatever negative things he talks about proposal he has to give logic behind that.

White Hat: White hat person is totally data driven person. Whatever he talks about the proposal he always has strong data behind to prove that.

Yellow Hat: Yellow hat person talk positive things about the proposal. But he has to give logic behind that whatever negative things he talks about.

Red Hat: Red hat person talks about the proposal based on his gut feel. He doesn’t have to give any logic behind that because he is the most experience person in this field.

Green Hat: Green hat person tries to find out the middle way to solve the problem. For example if team is discussing about the appraisal. What kind of appraisal should be there? Then green hat person may give idea that out of 25% appraisal 10% should be based on performance and 15% should be as retention bonus, like if a person remains in the company for next one year he would get rest 15% at the time of financial term. So it will not only work on appraisal but it will reduce attrition as well.

Blue Hat: Blue hat person takes the decision. Every hat gets interchanged with other hat except Blue hat.

Six Sigma Training Noida and its Significance

The six sigma methodology has turned out into the most acknowledgeable management strategies in the recent years. The particular method calls the management to define 6 quality states which are on the positive or negative side of a product of an average quality. The products quality is based on instruments, materials that are to be used and it is inclusive of the process of production and the skills of manpower and also technical know-how. Improvement in a single aspect or in all of the above mentioned things can bring out a revolutionary improvement in the overall quality. By sticking to the standardized process and applying all the methodologies, the deviation in the standards of quality can be easily avoided.

The Six Sigma Training Noida is quite an essential thing which can be a successful ladder to your career and can also be implemented successfully in the process of production. Creating the pivotal roles with accordance in the implementation of Six Sigma is another goal which is targeted. The executive leaders, occupying managerial position, are accountable for the designing of the strategies which is solely based of the needs of the business. They target the areas which are in need of improvement and devise techniques and ways to address the areas that needs to be improved.

The particular staff members are known to undergo the sigma six training and selected by the executives i.e. the leaders. They are known to be from the organizations supervisory section. They will be required to implement the progress vision designed by the leaders. Master Black Belt holders are the experts of six sigma programs who make the staff understand the guidelines set by the management and are also known of supervising the black belts. The Black Belts are known to be the action staff that is known to head the sigma six process of adaptation of guidelines by helping with the process of implementation. The progress is checked at every single step and then the best people for the job are allotted with the task. The yellow belts and the green belts are known to undergo the training of Six Sigma by black belts and are known to work under the supervision of the black belts.

The management strategies such as the one obtained by the Six Sigma Training in Delhi can help in boosting the profitability of the organization considerably. It is because the certification improves the production and the performance and is also known to minimize the cost whereas simultaneously it is also known to optimize the results. As a result there is a considerable amount of savings in terms of the manpower, substandard quality, wasted material and reworks or returns. Subsequently it is also known to result in a significant growth at the bottom line which is always good news for the company and the management. So as to implement the methodologies of Six Sigma, the firms will be required to identify the executives who are leaders with clear visions and who will work for the best interests of the firm and the betterment of the organization based in noida.

Various Themes of Commencing Six Sigma Projects

There are several ways of identifying a six sigma project. Six Sigma Training in Delhi by Advance Innovation Group, helps you understand several such ways, few of them are mentioned below-

 

VOC – Voice of Customer

Something we should know about voice of customer like customer complaints. Voice are gathered of customer interaction will always be one of the most critical things to start the project. Customers are free for choices, our competitors are not sleeping. Its imperative to understand that what customer desire is, listing to customer complaints, will be helping business processes improve such complaints. On the positive side may be customer suggestion handling will be a great thing. If you are unable to adhere to the customer promised SLAs that is great VOC.

VOP/VOB – Voice of Process or Voice of Business – Something not as per organization report. My margins are being impacted, my revenue is not as per decided, I am being hit on attrition. To meet customer needs you have designed some internal processes, you are being hit by answer rate and the reason you are being hit by answer rate because you have some basic unscheduled leaves (Voice of Process). Revenue numbers – Absentism, attrition, ramp-up time, operations, road balancing, process, reducing bottle-neck removal, repeated error, excessive rework, efficiency in productivity, cycle time reduction etc.

VOIE – Voice of Internal Employees – You are talking to your employees and they are dissatisfied extra, could be one matrix to start 6 sigma project.

COPQ – Cost of poor quality – This is all about profit, cost of poor quality in terms of rework, rejection, loss of branding, loss of repeat business.

FTR/FTY – First Time Right or First Time Yield – Every single task should be first time right. First time yield percentages may be one of the most preliminaries to start a six sigma project.

RTY – Rolled Throughput Yield – If you understand a business process as a system, there are several processes that are being performed to get final output. Fox example “Recruitment”. Recruitment is not a process, it is a system and it constitutes of several processes like “Recruiting process, screening process, interview process, finalization process and joining process. First time right of each of these processes

RTY is nothing but talking about several processes. Lets say a simple AIG joining processes.

 I have about 1000 people who visited my websites, Out of 1000 people who visited our websites only 100 people enquired about our product, out of 100 enquired about my product only 60 visited my center. Out of 60 visited my center only 40 showed interest in joining. Out of 40 who showed interested 38 joined in. So if you look at these individual business processes, and want to calculate “First time Right scores”. So the FTR scores would be 100/1000, so my yield is about 10%. Yield here is 60/100, yield here is 40/60, yield here is 38/40. If I were to multiply all of them it becomes my RTY. So my RTY

RTY = 100/1000 * 60/100 * 40/60 * 38/40 = 38/100. My current RTY is 38/100. Out of 1000 opportunities. Best RTY is 1. Out of 1000 you should meet 1000 target.

OTD – On Time Delivery – One of the most critical things that we always should pursue to satisfy customers.

RR – Return Rate – Whatever investment you have done you always want to get something out of it.

N.P.R. – Number of Problem Reports.

Thus SixSigma Training in Delhi by Advance Innovation Group will help in understanding and applying these ways in identification of an improvement project.